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A Narrative of House Music

Many quip that the days disco music have come and gone. However, our contemporary historical moment in popular music speaks otherwise. House music and its offshoots and close cousins of hip-hop, techno, drum and bass, and trance have been coined as the dance musics of the nineties and are the soundtracks of club culture in America and numerous countries around the world. All of these musics place a prime emphasis on rhythmic structure, or the beat, in the dissemination and mediation of these musics to their respective audiences. Likewise, the musical production of these vibrating compositions are almost exclusively created by electronic drum machines, computer programs, samplers, and other forms of music and media technologies.

                                                                                                                                 Disco Diva Thelma Houston

House music is the obvious musical descendent of disco. Like disco, the growth and popularity of house music began in underground African American and Latino gay clubs in major metropolitan areas of Chicago and New York City. Disco and house music both showcase the vocal abilities of African American women whose lyrics often spoke of inclusive acceptance of all, freedom, love, and struggles in contemporary relationships. Likewise, the centrality of the beat is evident in disco and house music.

The determined rhythms of jazz, blues, and rock ‘n’ roll were disseminated though new media technologies. Media scholar Marshall McLuhan contends that, "[r]adio was inseparable from the rise of jazz culture as TV has been inseparable from the rise of rock culture." In addition to the utilization of communicative media technologies, disco music used the digitized technologies of drum machines, synthesizers, and samplers, as primary instruments in the actual creation and production of the music itself. Many note that disco music was essentially up-tempo soul and R&B recordings popularized in African American and Latino gay urban clubs during the early 1970s.

The hegemonic force of rock ‘n’ roll reluctantly gave way to the new, different and digitized rhythm of disco as it gained popularity in the mid to late seventies with its brief ascendance in the popular music charts throughout the United States. Mainstream America’s previous concerns over alleged sinister erotic beats in blues, jazz, and rock ‘n’ roll now applied to disco music.   Concurrently, disco’s elevation of electronically programmed beats along with its irrelevance to the guitar infuriated many rockers. Debates surrounding the inauthenticity of disco music also fueled the rock establishment’s fire. The public distaste over watered down disco music culminated in the much-publicized ‘Disco Sucks’ campaign of 1979 in Chicago’s Cominsky Park where disco met its commercial ruin. But the music did not die. It returned to the black and Latino gay dance clubs where disco’s revenge was sanctioned through house music, interestingly enough, in Chicago, the very city that showcased disco’s spectacular demise.

There are many histories that acknowledge various tenants of house music's cultural production, consumption, and subsequent dissemination and they are crucial in expressing diverse narratives and documentation.  Diva Delight focuses on a particular genealogy of house as traced through underground African American and Latino gay clubs in Chicago, New York, and New Jersey as places of refuge from homophobia and racism. The disco music of the 1970’s is often cited as the progenitor of house music. House music is characterized by the continuous 4/4 beat, the use of new music technologies (drum machines, turntables) and motifs of love and freedom. The articulation of house lyrical texts is mediated through, though not exclusively, African American women as house divas. 

One particular DJ whom many note as the one of the godfathers of house music is Frankie Knuckles. Beginning in 1977 as resident DJ of the Warehouse club in Chicago, Knuckles proved to be both a sensation and inspiration to his mainly black and Latino gay club clientele.  Concurrently, the legendary Larry Levan was resident DJ at the Paradise Garage club in New York City. Crucially included as godfathers of house are Ron Hardy, Farley 'Jackmaster' Funk, Tee Scott, Steve 'Silk' Hurley, Jesse Saunders, Chip E, and Fingers Inc, among numerous other house music deities.

 

In keeping with the house motifs of love, peace and togetherness, the term ‘family’ was the whole community of house enthusiasts, gay, straight, bisexual, Asian, white, and otherwise. The ‘children’ or ‘kids’ of house is a term that some house enthusiasts use to describe themselves. Given the subversive structure for this ‘family’ household, the ‘children’ went to ‘work’ on the dancefloor. The Black woman, personified as the house diva, is gendered to be the ‘mother’ of the house. Unlike notions of the glamorized mammy, the historicity of house divas is placed within African American musical traditions of the gospel church that featured matriarchal lead vocalists. Female singers such as Taka Boom, Dajae, Kym Simms, Ann Nesby, Kim English, Jocelyn Brown, Su Su Bobien, Ultra Naté, Lisa Shaw, and Grace Jones are premier examples of fabulous Black dance divas.


Larry Levan and Grace Jones